Mexican Wholesale

In the 70′s I had the good fortune to attend Linda Schele’s first class at the University of Texas at Austin. She had wonderful ideas about reading the Maya Epigraphy glyphs. These included spelling the glyphs out, she also included “sense readings of the pictorial elements within those glyphs. [But other views took a toll and soon the "phallus" glyphs reigned supreme, even though none of the Maya codices emphasized such glyphs.]

When Bishop Landa asked a Maya glyph artist to “spell” out a sentence using the glyphs, he did. The Maya scribe apparently was already accustomed to writing out what he may not have understood as a language. His “writing” skills included sounds. In his land alone there were many visitors from foreign areas with different speech patterns. It was necessary that the scribe be familiar with sound, just as a modern stenographer. Seeing that “spelled out” words are possible, now the glyphs emphasizing those “spelling” attributes are used and although referred to sometimes, the visual aspects of the glyphs are ignored. On “spelling” out the glyphs, the big push now, is to create a “proto-language” base, instead of identifying the language that is the source of the “spelled out” or the visually inferred concepts.A case in point is the Initial Series Glyph at the top of the first two columns (or more) of most monument texts. Even in the beginning, it has always been taught only as: “the Initial Series Glyph that identifies the dating sequence of the text.” It has been merely a form of decoration, nothing more. See the ISG inThe Temple of the Sun. It is apparent, that its iconography is very different from other monuments. So when compared with other ISG’s, each monument appears to contain information about the texts found below that Initial Series Glyph.

Hola everyone. Since we are starting summertime I decided to do a little something to help us get in the mood for the season. There are many styles of Mexico’s awesome music and this one is dedicated to you.

I really hope that you’ve enjoyed this small portion of  Mexico’s  awsome music. If so, drop me a line and let me know and I will continue sharing Mexican music with you.

Map of Baja

Catavina is one of those special places in Mexico’s Baja California that photographers just love to shoot a few rolls on. Located just off the main peninsular Highway 1, it’s south of the village of El Rosario at about Km 175, and roughly in the middle of the two coasts.

Its beauty is a combination of the large granite boulders and different cactus that are indigenous to this area of the desert- the cardon, barrel cactus, the strange cirio (boojum), elephant tree and other varieties all call this part of Baja home. Add the proper lighting effects, such as those found at dusk, and you have the perfect opportunity for saving the memories of this amazing place.

Just visible from the main road is a memorial to the Virgin of Guadalupe, Mexico’s patron saint. Candles are often burning when you arrive, setting the mood for your visit…

Standing like a giant and prickly upside-down carrot, the strange boojum tree stretches skyward, overlooking the painting of the Virgin of Guadalupe painted on one of the big granite boulders that are strewn about the landscape…

The different plants and trees each try to make a stand in the desert, carving out an existence in an area that is beautiful but harsh. The hearty and often ancient cardon cactus sends roots deep into the ground and stores water when it can, the boojum uses its shape and hard skin to protect itself from the hot, moisture robbing air.

The granite boulders have been exposed by the same erosion that now wears them down year after year. Their large shapes cast long shadows over the landscape as the sun sets and the full moon rises to take its place. It’s perfectly quiet, except for the rustle of the wind and the sound of your own footsteps on the desert floor.

Unaware of the odds against it, a few cardon cactus sprout out from a crack in the hard granite boulders, demonstrating just how tough and persevering the desert vegetation can be. Nothing is easy here … The highway, and the comfort of the car, are only a hundred yards away, but in this part of the desert everyone feels a bit small next to the natural giants all around.

Learn more about Baja California here

This informatin on Mexico’s Catavina is quite resourcefull. If you decide to travel into Mexico this would certainly be an ideal place. Enjoy!

Resources: Mexonline.com

Wreckage of a 21-story steel-constructed building

With Its Own Tradgedy of 1985 In Mind, Mexico Contributes Earthquake Aid To Stricken Haiti.

Mexico is among the many countries contributing earthquake relief aid to Haiti, after that country was hit on January 13th by a devastating 7.0 earthquake. Haiti has a population of between 9 to 10 million people and it is feared that the death toll could run into the thousands.

Mexican television has given extensive coverage to Haiti’s recent quake. And for good reason: many Mexicans still remember the Mexico City earthquake of 1985 which registered an 8.1 on the Richter scale. The result was an incredible toll of death and destruction in one of the world’s largest cities. Haiti’s recent quake brought back memories of Mexico’s own 1985 natural disaster.

The vulnerability of Mexico City to earthquakes
On September 19, 1985, Mexico City was struck by a magnitude 8.1 (Richter) earthquake. Official tallies put the number of deaths at approximately 4,000, but some say that the number was closer to 10,000. Hundreds of buildings collapsed and thousands were damaged. Because most of Mexico City is build over an ancient lake bed, the instability of the subsoil contributed greatly to the damage.

Colonial Mexico City build on an ancient lake bed
When in 1519 Hernan Cortes arrived in the Valley of Mexico, what he and his fellow Spaniards encountered was Tenochtitlan , a city built by the Aztecs on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. After defeating the Aztecs, the conquistadors founded Mexico City on the ruins of   Tenochtitlan. Lake Texcoco with its two connecting lakes was slowly drained over the coming centuries. Today, the only remaining portion of that former immense body of water is Xochimilco with its famous canals and floating gardens.

What was learned from the quake of I985
It was on the seemingly dry lake bed that that Mexico City was built, growing in time to the present day metropolis of 20 million inhabitants.

Though the surface lake disappeared long ago the subsoil, as part of an historic water basin, continues to be water saturated. This has been known since colonial times, but it wasn’t until the 1985 quake that a truly strict earthquake building code went into effect. Present day construction now takes into consideration the fact that the underlying ancient lake bed sediments amplify the seismic shaking in the event of an earthquake.

Actually, I had forgotten about this 1985 earthquake in Mexico. This should never be forgotten.

Source: Mex online.com

Who were the Aztecs from Mexico.

This is the story of a wandering tribe from Northern Mexico who through bravery, trickery, cruelty, genius became a great civilization.

There are stories to read, explanations to understand, pictures to think about, ancient writings to decode, pictures of artefacts and temples … even a giant sunstone.

By 1376, the city was growing quickly … they built larger and larger temples … people came from miles around to live in their city … Tenochtitlan. They chose a man called  Acamapichtli as their first emperor. He ruled until 1395.

The city and the Aztecs were all powerful… an EMPIRE.

By 1519 there were about 60,000 people in the city every day.

The Aztecs brought their many gods and goddesses with them.

As a farming people, the Aztec knew the forces of nature and worshiped them as gods. Most important was their sun god, Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs also used him as their god of war.

They believed that their ‘good’ gods should be kept strong to keep away the ‘bad’ gods. They kept them strong by making human sacrifices.

They had many stories about their gods.   Read some of them.

Aztec Gods

Aztec god

Before the Sun that now shines brightly over Mexico came into being, there had been other suns; four in all.

Each sun died away in turn before our present Sun appeared.

The fourth Sun, Chalchuitlicu, had been a water goddess, copper-coloured and dressed in emerald green.

For hundreds of years she provided light and warmth; and in that time the first men and women appeared on Earth.

But other gods grew jealous of the Sun God; some reproached her for giving fire to humans — for they did not always use it wisely.

Tezcatlipoca upsets Chalchuitlicu and causes a flood.

One night, the black God of Darkness, Tezcatlipoca, began to torment the gentle copper Sun while she was resting in the gloom. He said she’d grown too vain and selfish.

In her hurt at these false words, Chalchuitlicu burst into tears. The tears put out her light and then the sky rained down upon the Earth in torrents.

The land vanished into darkness beneath a mighty flood which drowned all  human life: every man and woman turned into fish; all, that is, save one lone family which survived to start the human race again.

The gods make dry land appear …

When the sky thus fell on Earth, the gods opened up four roads beneath the land, where they created four giants and some sturdy trees. And then, together — the gods, the trees, the giants — all tried to lift the Earth from under the vales of tears.

They heaved and pushed until the land rose upwards and the waters fell away. At last they managed to fasten the land securely to the sky.

Now there was only darkness …

But the Earth was still plunged into utter gloom; it had no dawn, no dusk, no sunlit days. The vales of tears were salty; there was thus no fresh water, for no Sun appeared to draw the tears back up to heaven and change them into rain.

Aztec god

Tlaloc was the Aztec rain god

His name means He Who Makes Things Sprout.

Tlaloc was the eighth ruler of the days and the ninth lord of the nights.

Tlaloc was pictured as a man wearing a net of clouds, a crown of heron feathers, foam sandals and carrying rattles to make thunder.

Tlaloc lived in a place the Aztecs called Tlalocan. He lived there with  his companion, Chalchiuhtlicue (She Who Wears a Jade Skirt), also called Matlalcueye (She Who Wears a Green Skirt), the goddess of freshwater lakes and streams. Tlalocan was also the place where all people who had drowned ‘lived’.

Part of The Teocalli (Great Temple) at Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was dedicated to Tlaloc, and was painted in white and blue.

Tlaloc was  greatly feared.

He could send out the rain or provoke drought and hunger.

Aztec god

He hurled lightning upon the earth and unleashed the devastating hurricanes.

It was believed that he could send down to the earth different kinds of rain which would help crops grow or destroy them.

Certain illnesses, such as dropsy, leprosy, and rheumatism, were said to be caused by Tlaloc.

Quetzalcoatl

(from quetzalli, “precious feather,” and coatl, “snake”), the Feathered Serpent, was one of the major gods of the Aztecs.

Quetzalcoatl was the god of morning and the evening star.

Aztec god

As the morning and evening star, Quetzalcoatl was the symbol of death and resurrection.

With his friend, Xolotl, a dog-headed god, he was said to have descended to the underground hell of Mictlan to gather the bones of the ancient dead. Those bones he smeared with his own blood, giving birth to the men who inhabit the present universe.

Quetzalcoatl was often shown as a man with a beard named Ehecatl, the wind god. Sometimes he was shown wearing a mask with two protruding tubes (through which the wind blew) and a conical hat.

The temple Quetzalcoatl at Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitte

d Ehecatl. Circular temples were believed to please Ehecatl because they offered no sharp obstacles to the wind.

TEZCATLIPOCA -

The god of the Great Bear constellation and of the night sky.

Tezcatlipoca’s animal disguise, was the jaguar, the spotted skin of which was compared to the starry sky.

Tezcatlipoca was usually drawn with a stripe of black paint across his face and an obsidian (black glass ) mirror in place of one of his feet (his name means Smoking Mirror).

Sometimes drawings show  Tezcatlipoca with his mirror on his chest.

In it he saw everything, he knew all the deeds and thoughts of men.
He was said to appear at crossroads at night to challenge warriors.

He presided over the telpochcalli (“young men’s houses”), district schools in which the sons of the common people received an education and military training.

He was the protector of slaves, he severely punished masters who ill-treated “Tezcatlipoca’s beloved children.” He rewarded goodness by giving riches and fame, and he punished wrongdoers by sending them sickness (e.g. leprosy) or by giving them poverty and slavery.

Every year, during the fifth month, the priest selected a young and handsome war prisoner. For one year he lived in princely luxury, pretending to be the god. Four beautiful girls dressed as goddesses were chosen as his companions. On the appointed feast day he climbed the steps of a small temple while breaking flutes that he had played. At the top he was sacrificed by the removal of his heart! What a price to pay!

I hope you have enjoyed learning this part of the Aztecs and Mexican history.

Hola. This post is a request. It  goes out to everyone and specially to my Canadian friends who  requested it.

Map Of Mexico

This directory provides a listing of maps and map services available from MexOnline.com, providing a general overview of roads and major geographical landmarks in Mexico.

The U.S. State Department has issued in the last several years new requirements for travel into and back from Mexico. Note that the following update pertains to rules set by U.S. law, as entry into Mexico is governed by their own rules, please see below.

In summary, beginning January 23, 2007, passports were required for all AIRLINE travel to and from Mexico.

Beginning June 1st 2009, if you are crossing back into the U.S. by land or sea, from Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, you need either a passport or the new high-tech travel card. Please check the official State Department memo for up to date verification, at www.travel.state.gov

At the present time we are on red alert and travel into Mexico or to US/Mexico Border Cities is not recommended. That being said, I personally do not recommend travel to Mexico or US/Mexico Border Cities at the present time.

Resources: Mex online.co

The artist José Guadalupe Posada was born in 1852 in Aguacalientes, Mexico. Many consider Posada the founder of modern Mexican art. As well, Posada is credited with educating the general populace concerning the political injustices of the day which ultimately culminated in the Mexican Revolution of 1910. His beginnings were humble, being born the seventh son to working-class parents of Indian descent.

Posada is most remembered for his engraved illustrations of calaveras (skeletons) set in political satire. His work remains vital today, oftentimes utilized to commemorate the Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) holiday, celebrated throughout Mexico each year on November 1st and 2nd..

Posada In Front of His Taller

Posada’s talent was recognized at an early age. He became an apprentice to the printer and publisher Jose Trinidad Pedroza at the age of 16. It was under his mentor’s tutelage that he learned the art of printmaking which focused on lithography as well as engraving on wood and metal. The shop where he worked, El Esfuerzo, located in the city of Aguascalientes also served as a meeting place where members of the community would discuss political and social issues of the day. This environment that Posada found himself in undoubtedly helped shape his political opinions and ultimately, his art.

Posada’s work drew controversy almost immediately. Pedroza assigned the young artist to engrave a satirical cartoon of a local politician and needless to say, the response from the authorities was not favorable. His caricature was so compelling and created such an uproar that both teacher and student had to flee town to escape the wrath of those offended. Posada’s career had begun.

Soon established in his new city of Leon, Posada’s work began to appear in magazines. Some of these early works were political in nature but not all. Posada’s other avenues of output included making artwork for purely commercial purposes, such as providing illustrations for matchbox covers, designing logos or engraving book cover designs. Posada married and began teaching lithography at a local school. Busy and fulfilled, his life went on uninterrupted until the year 1888, when a traumatic flood occurred in the city and Posada was again forced to relocate.

Calaveras Bailando

Mexico City became Posada’s new place of residence. He set up his own shop and worked for a variety of publishers on a free-lance basis. The artist forged an important liaison with Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, the leading publisher in the city. Together they created “hojas volantes”(flying leaves) which were one-page papers or broadsheets, distributed on the city streets for a penny a piece. These printed one-page documents covered a whole host of topics, ranging from moral stories to high-society gossip to songs that were illustrated (corridos).

Increasingly, Posada turned to the symbolism of the calavera (skeleton) to depict his illustrations that were filled with political satire. The dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz was in full swing at this time and social injustices were rampant. The decision to utilize skeletons in his illustrations had a two-fold effect. Graphically speaking, these images jump off the page, so to speak and cannot be ignored. As well, the people responded to the symbolism of the calavera as it was a deeply ingrained in their culture and subconscious. After all, the blood of their ancestors still ran in their veins, blood that was indigenous and not European. Many pre-Columbian civilizations decorated temples with skulls and had a deep fascination with death. While perhaps macabre on its surface, the symbolism of the calavera, which is in essence death, was a reminder that physical life is temporal while the spirit is eternal. Additionally, Posada’s intent was to show that in death everyone is equal, despite one’s economic status or position in life, death is the great equalizer that spares no one.

Hernan Cortes -His First Adventures

Another illustrator that worked in Arroyo’s shop, Manuel Manilla, also utilized the symbolism of the calavera in his engravings. Together with Posada’s prodigious contributions, the amount of calaveras (skeleton illustrations) this group produced was enormous and became very popular with the masses. Although many people were illiterate, they could still “read” what the illustrations were saying, a tribute to their effectiveness. As the often quoted saying goes “…a picture says a thousand words….”.

Posada was extremely prolific with the amount of work he produced in his life. Although the true number of engravings he made cannot be ascertained, some place the number as high as 20,000 works. Of these, it has been reported that an estimated 2,000 engravings have survived.

Undoubtedly, a technique that Posada invented helped him enormously both in production as well as expression. Well acquainted with the traditional printmaking technique of lithography, Posada also worked on wood blocks as well as zinc plates. Interested, however, in increasing his output, his experimentations led him to a new technique. Using acid-resistant ink, he would draw directly onto the metal plate and then place the plate in an acid-solution that quickly embedded the drawing. This plate, in turn, could be placed on the printing press at the same time as the type was placed, thereby saving an enormous amount of time and increasing production.

The Revolution

Posada’s new technique developed just prior to the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The output dramatically increased at Arroyo’s shop and the one-cent papers were being widely distributed on the streets of Mexico City. Posada’s illustrations have been credited with raising awareness enormously concerning the political injustices and abuses of the day. While he diligently worked from dawn to dusk, Posada was contributing greatly to the work of the revolutionaries who sought justice from the evils of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship.

As well, Posada played a pivotal role in the development of Diego Rivera’s work. Rivera was inspired by Posada’s attention to working-class concerns as well as his expressive artistic technique. While attending the San Carlos Academy of Art in Mexico City, Rivera would often stop by to visit Posada and watch him work. Years later, Rivera credited Posada as having been a great influence on his own artwork and direction. One of Rivera’s famous paintings, “Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park” pays a visual homage to Posada. Rivera included the famous skeleton image of the “Catrina” that Posada so often employed, a symbolic representation of a typical society-woman from turn-of-the- century Mexico.

Diego Rivera, Dream of a Sunday Afternoon

In addition to Rivera, Posada proved an inspiration to Jose Clemente Orozco, who as a boy would visit Posada in his workshop. In his autobiography, Orozco writes, “This was my awakening to the existence of the art of painting. I became one of the most faithful customers in Vanegas Arroyo’s retail shop . . . .” Posada’s influence was so great and he influenced so many that somehow it doesn’t seem right that the artist died in obscurity and poverty. He died quietly in the year 1913, alone and penniless and was buried in a common grave.

Some years later, a French artist by the name of Jean Charlot was collaborating on a mural with Diego Rivera in Mexico City. Charlot, walking the streets of the city, came upon Posada’s work which was still being used to illustrate the daily one-cent papers. Deeply intrigued and interested, Charlot began to feverishly collect Posada’s work. As well, he published an article about Posada that was widely read and admired. Charlot proved instrumental in bringing international awareness to the importance of Posada’s work and his place in history.

Today, Posada’s work is housed in various collections throughout the world. A museum dedicated to the artist is located in Posada’s hometown of Aguascalientes, Mexico. The Museo Jose Guadalupe Posada features prints along with the original metal plates that were used to create them. Although Posada the man is deceased, his work lives on, perhaps the greatest triumph over death there is.

I hope you’ve enjoyed this as much as I have. There is so much interesting Mexican history and culture, that I sometime have difficulty deciding what to post. Is there something in particular that you would enjoy reading about? Just drop a message or comment and I’ll be more than happy to oblige. Enjoy!

Resources: Mexonline .com

Cholula Pyramid

THE GREAT PYRAMID OF CHOLULA, Cholula, Puebla

Located on the central plateau of Mexico, hidden to the naked eye, sits the world’s largest ancient pyramid. The town where this wonder is located is Cholula, a small village just outside Puebla. Upon first glance, one sees only the charming colonial church of La Iglesia de los Remedios, built in the 16th century. Amazingly, however, this church sits atop the Great Pyramid of Tepanapa, oftentimes referred to as the Cholula Pyramid. Hidden by vegetation, the hill upon which the church was built, actually houses the great pyramid.

The history of the pyramid, coupled with the momentous events which followed, is full of drama and mystery. Approximately one hundred years before Christ, the pyramid’s construction begun. Cholula, by this time, was already one of Mexico’s largest cities, having been settled circa 1700 B.C. The pyramid’s construction along with affiliated temples, was carried out by various groups over hundreds of years. Its early period coincided with the great city of Teotihuacan’s development and power.

Inside Cholula Pyramid

An important ceremonial and political center of the pre-Columbian world, Cholula mirrored Teotihuacan’s glory days of power. As well, its first subsequent demise coincided with that of Teotihuacan. But unlike the great city to the northwest, whose people mysteriously disappeared, some residual peoples remained in Cholula, not abandoning the city entirely. Expansion of the pyramid continued with the arrival of the Olmec-Xicallancas, who further added to the pyramid’s scale.

The Toltec-Chichimecas occupied Cholula next, circa 1100 A.D. By that time the great pyramid was already largely submerged underneath tree and dirt. The Toltecs chose to focus their activity on building new temples which would surround the area of the great pyramid. The Toltecs also brought with them their intense devotion of Quetzalcoatl. Cholula subsequently became a mecca for pilgrims from all over Mexico, who flocked to the city to pay homage to the feathered serpent God.

Quetzalcoatl, already a long established deity of the Mesoamerican world, undoubtedly helped to inspire the pyramid’s initial construction. However, with the arrival of the Toltecs, the cult of Quetzalcoatl truly flourished. Additionally, under the rule of the Toltecs, Cholula became a major center for trade and commerce. Having established strong ties with all other cities in the region, Cholula maintained its independence for a time from the ever expanding Aztec Empire.

However, the Aztecs eventually took control of Cholula. When Cortes arrived in 1519, the pyramid, stood silent, hidden under grass and stone. The city’s population at this time equaled 100,000 inhabitants. Legend advises an ambush was planned by the Cholulans against the Spanish invaders under the direction of Montezuma. No longer swayed by Cortes whom he initially believed to be the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec ruler made one last attempt to save his empire. Unfortunately, Cortes learned of the plan and what followed next was horrific: the slaughter of 6,000 Cholulan residents took place under the brutal command of Cortes.

Restored Stairway Cholula Pyramid

Temples were torn down and the ancient city of Cholula was destroyed. Cortes proclaimed that he would build a church in the area for each day of the year to match the number of temples destroyed. Drunk with power and with gold on his mind, Cortes failed to see the great pyramid.

Centuries elapsed before the pyramid was again discovered. In 1910, construction began on an insane asylum located at the base of the pyramid. Archaeologists once aware of the site began to survey and excavate. In the 1930′s, tunnels were made in order to better study the pyramid. These tunnels, which amount to an amazing five miles worth of passageways, zigzag in subterranean fashion, creating a labyrinth, not for the timid. These tunnels afford the visitor the opportunity of observing first-hand the various levels of construction. Delineated layers of shell and stone are visible. A total of four stages of construction occurred, over hundreds of years. Although lit with lamps, the atmosphere is definitely haunting and you most assuredly want to exit before nightfall.

In addition to the tunnels, outside there are altars, stairways and platforms to explore. One can also see a portion of the pyramid which was reconstructed by archaeologists. Not only does the pyramid of Cholula represent the largest single structure in Mexico, it also bears the distinction of having the largest base of any pyramid in the world, exceeding the bases of the great pyramids in Egypt. The total acreage the pyramid occupies is 25 acres with a height reaching an impressive 181 feet. Each side of the structure’s base is over 1300 feet in length.

When visiting the great pyramid of Cholula one is also afforded a magnificent view of the majestic snow-capped El Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl volcanoes. The pyramid of Cholula is truly a wondrous pre-Columbian gem. The site holds the potential of even greater discoveries and with only a small portion yet excavated, who knows what marvelous secrets the great pyramid has yet to reveal.

This is great information  about Mexico and US Border Cities. At the present time we are on red alert and travel into Mexico or to US/Mexico Border Cities is not recommended. That being said, I personally do not recommend travel to Mexico or US/Mexico Border Cities at the present time.

This U.S./ Mexico Border directory provides information useful for conducting business in the region between the two countries. Included here are support services like hotel lodgings, transportation or freight service, and manufacturing consulting services.

U.S./Mexico BORDER REGION City Guides and Directories

The border between the United States and Mexico is a thriving link for businesspeople and travelers from both nations. This 2,100 mile international boundary consists of the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas on the U.S. side and Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora and Tamaulipas on the Mexican side.

CIUDAD JUAREZ City Guide and Directory

Ciudad Juarez is located in the state of Chihuahua on the Rio Grande River and sits directly across the border from El Paso, Texas. The city is mostly commonly referred to as Juarez and represents one of the largest international border crossings in the world. Juarez is one of the largest cities in Mexico and its economy has grown substantially with the approximate 400 maquiladoras that are present here.

Because Juarez is a busy metropolitan city, it attracts many US citizens who cross the border to visit its nightclubs, to attend sporting events, dine in fine restaurants and to explore shopping opportunities. Traditional rodeos are prevalent in Juarez and the city is often referred to as the home of the Mexican Vaquero (Cowboy). Bullfighting is popular as well and many visitors come to the Plaza de Toros Monumental Bullring when the sport is in season (April through September). If you are interested in attending one of these bullfights, The El Paso Trolley Company (915-544-0062) offers tickets and transportation from El Paso, Texas.

While in Juarez, consider visiting the historic Mission of Our Lady of Guadaulupe Church. It is located in downtown Juarez on the West Side of Plaza de Armas. Built in the 1600’s, this colonial church features intricate geometric designs in the beamed roofing and houses 18th-century paintings and sculptures. Another site to visit is the Juarez Museum of Art, located in the Plaza de las Americas area. The central cone-shaped building is surrounded by a moat and connected to the other two exhibit areas by bridges. If interested in the history of the city, be sure to visit the Juarez Museum of History in downtown Juarez, the exhibits chronicle the Mexican Revolution and the exploits of Pancho Villa.

The city of Juarez was founded in 1659 by Spanish explorers who were seeking a route through the Rocky Mountains. The original name of the city was El Paso del Norte (“North Pass”). The city was renamed in 1888 for Mexico’s national hero, Benito Juarez.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 established the Rio Grande River as the border point between Mexico and the United States. The part of the city designated to the United States would subsequently become El Paso, Texas. In 1911, during the Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa took control of the city and forced the dictator Porfirio Diaz to resign.

Hotel Colonial Cd. Júarez
Secure and Confortable Environment for Productive Business Meetings
5 min. from the Major Industrial Parks / 3 min. from the Internationl Bridge
Relaxing and Beautiful Mexican Colonial Setting * 140 Rooms
Executive Suites / Wireless Internet / Spacious Gardens / Two Swimming Pools
Ave. Abraham Lincoln 1355, Col. Córdova Américas, Ciudad Juárez
* Tel: from USA 1-800-782-6926 * Lada Nacional 01-800-771-6333
The following buisnesses provide services in or to the state of Chihuahua

	Ciudad Juarez park monument

American Industries Maquila Services
Brown, Alcantar & Brown Customs Brokerage
Camino Real El Paso Hotel
CJC Metals Recycling
ECM International Construction Consulting
Embassy Suites El Paso Hotel
F.C. Felhaber & Company, Inc. Customs Brokers
Guardian Metal Sales
Holiday Inn Airport
Holiday Inn El Paso Sunland Park
Howard Johnson El Paso
Keats Southwest Manufacturing
Lancer’s Club Private Dining
M&M Metals Recycling
Otero County Economic Development Council, Inc.
Packaging Concepts
Pedraza Customs Broker
QMS, Inc. Manufacturing
Radisson El Paso Hotel
Santa Teresa Industrial Real Estate
Travelodge Hotel El Paso

ENSENADA City Guide and Directory

This is great information  about Mexico and US Border Cities. At the present time we are on red alert and travel into Mexico or to US/Mexico Border Cities is not recommended. That being said, I personally do not recommend travel to Mexico or US Mexican border cities at the present time.

Resources: mexonline.com

Published and/or edited 5/05/2010 by Aetna J H

Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas

Mexico is a country rich in history and rich in natural resources with oil being the nation’s most precious commodity. President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) is the man responsible for securing Mexico’s vast oil profits for its citizens. His act of nationalizing the nation’s oil fields remains in place today.

The calendar date of March 18th, 1938, is remembered throughout the country as the day of “Expropiación Petrolera” (Oil Expropriation). Today, the topic of the country’s most valuable natural resource remains controversial. Currently, there is renewed discussion concerning the prospect of foreign companies drilling for oil in Mexico. Many are adamantly opposed to the suggestion, as it conflicts directly with Mexico’s Constitution.

In 1938, President Cárdenas expropriated all the nation’s oil production from foreign entities, namely the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States. Up to this time, only international companies were drilling for oil in Mexico. The president was led to this bold move because the people of Mexico were being taken advantage of. Mexican workers were being paid only a portion of what their international counterparts were being paid and understandably, this situation created a great deal of labor unrest. Indeed, strikes were occurring regularly, disrupting production and causing widespread havoc.

In addition to these significant labor concerns, there was also an important underlying resentment growing towards foreign oil companies operating in Mexico. The populace was becoming increasingly aware that their country was not benefiting from its own resources. The foreign oil companies had been enjoying unprecedented profits from Mexico’s “black gold”. This basic discrepancy combined with the gross labor injustices being committed finally reached a crescendo of intolerable proportions. President Cárdenas met with representatives of the foreign companies operating in Mexico to try and resolve these issues.

These meetings, however, were not fruitful and the parties involved were unable to reach an agreement. On March 18th, 1938, President Cárdenas officially expropriated all oil assets from the international companies operating in Mexico. Drawing upon Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917, President Cárdenas declared Mexico’s oil belonged to the country and the people of Mexico. He made this announcement on national radio to the country’s citizens before he told members of his own cabinet. This incredible decision by President Cárdenas had profound consequences.

The people of Mexico were thrilled with the president’s bold course of action. Tens of thousands of the country’s citizens celebrated in the streets of Mexico to honor this historical event. Women donated their jewelry and silver to the government to help compensate the foreign companies whose assets had been seized. Naturally, the international companies affected by the sudden turn of events had a much different response than that of the nation’s populace. Outrage was followed by retaliation. An international boycott against Mexican oil was implemented. The intent was to punish Mexico and to bring ruin to Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), the newly founded Mexican oil company instituted by President Lazaro Cárdenas. Both Mexico and PEMEX however survived the international boycott and today, PEMEX continues to be Mexico’s sole petroleum operator.

Have you enjoyed this article on Mexico’s history? I find it so fascinating. Leave a comment and let me know. Until next time, enjoy.

Resource: Mexonline.com  Posted By Aetna J B April 30,2010